Qualities of the Data Participants
The characteristics of the 102,216 participants are shown in Table 1 , and in Tables S2 and S3 in the Supplementary Appendix. Mean sodium excretion was estimated to be 4.93±1.73 g, and mean potassium excretion was estimated to be 2.12±0.60 g, with higher excretion in men than in women (P<0.001 for sodium and potassium).
Models from Sodium and you may Potassium Excretion
Seen removal from 1 fast early morning pee specimen and you may estimated “usual” excretion (immediately after changes having regression dilution prejudice) get. Having seen removal, the latest indicate (±SD) salt excretion is cuatro.93±step 1.73 g daily; 3.3% of players had sodium excretion off less than http://www.datingranking.net/pl/get-it-on-recenzja/ 2.30 g just about every day, and 0.6% from players got sodium excretion off below step one.50 grams just about every day. To own projected typical removal, the brand new suggest sodium removal is cuatro.90±step 1.17 g a-day; 0.2% regarding professionals got salt removal regarding less than dos.31 grams each and every day, and you can not one got sodium excretion of below step one.fifty g each and every day.
Overall, 43.5% of the population had an estimated sodium excretion of more than 5 g per day, 45.9% between 3 and 5 g per day, and 10.6% less than 3 g per day (3.3% had an excretion <2.3 g per day, and 0.6% <1.5 g per day). After adjustment for regression dilution bias, 2.1% of participants had an estimated sodium excretion of less than 3 g per day, and only 0.2% had excretion of less than 2.3 g per day ( Figure 1A ). Overall, 7.9% of participants had an estimated potassium excretion of more than 3 g per day ( Figure 1B ).
Estimated sodium excretion was higher in rural areas than in urban areas (P<0.001), whereas estimated potassium excretion was higher in urban areas (P<0.001) (Tables S2 and S3 in the Supplementary Appendix). Per capita gross national income was inversely associated with estimated sodium excretion and positively associated with estimated potassium excretion (P<0.001 for trends). Mean estimated sodium excretion ranged from 3.78 g per day in Malaysia to 5.59 g per day in China. Mean estimated potassium excretion ranged from 1.70 g per day in South Asia (Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan) to 2.46 g per day in Canada and Europe (Poland and Sweden).
Urinary Salt Removal and you may Hypertension
Changes in blood pressure levels receive to own sodium removal regarding quicker than 3 grams everyday, removal off three to five g just about every day, and excretion of greater than 5 g just about every day. Individuals which have extremely low otherwise quite high sodium excretion come regarding the figure. For the Asia, 218 individuals that have excretion out-of less than dos g everyday was indeed within the classification which have removal out-of 2.00 in order to 2.99 g just about every day, and 482 persons with removal of greater than 11 grams for each time have been as part of the class which have excretion out-of grams or alot more everyday. Far away, 235 people that have excretion regarding nine.00 so you can nine.99 g everyday and you can 112 people that have excretion off 10 g or even more daily were included in the classification that have excretion away from 8.00 to eight.99 g every day. I pubs suggest 95% believe times.
After adjusting for covariates, we found a significant positive association between estimated sodium excretion and systolic blood pressure (P<0.001 for trend) and between estimated sodium excretion and diastolic blood pressure (P<0.001 for trend) ( Figure 2A and 2B ). For each 1-g increment in estimated sodium excretion, there was an increment of 1.46 mm Hg in systolic blood pressure (P<0.001) and an increment of 0.54 mm Hg in diastolic blood pressure (P<0.001). After correcting for regression dilution bias and adjusting for covariates, we observed a steeper slope (a larger increment in blood pressure for a 1-g increment in estimated sodium excretion) for the association between estimated usual sodium excretion and blood pressure, with an increment of 2.11 mm Hg in systolic blood pressure per gram and an increment of 0.78 mm Hg in diastolic blood pressure per gram (P<0.001 for both comparisons).
